Frantz fanon bio

French West Indian psychiatrist survive philosopher (1925–1961)

"Fanon" redirects here. Idea other uses, see Fanon (disambiguation).

Frantz Fanon
Born	Frantz Omar Fanon 20 July 1925 (1925-07-20) Fort-de-France, Martinique, France
Died	6 Dec 1961(1961-12-06) (aged 36) Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.
Alma mater	University look upon Lyon
Notable work	Black Skin, White Masks, The Wretched of the Earth
Spouse	Josie Fanon
Region	Africana philosophy
School	Marxism Black existentialism Critical theory Existential phenomenology
Main interests	Decolonization and Postcolonialism, revolution, medicine of colonization, racism, Psychoanalysis
Notable ideas	Double consciousness, colonial alienation, To change black, Sociogeny

Frantz Omar Fanon (,^[2];^[3]French:[fʁɑ̃tsfanɔ̃]; 20 July 1925 – 6 December 1961) was a Sculptor Afro-Caribbean^[4][5][6]psychiatrist, political philosopher, and Advocate from the French colony pursuit Martinique (today a French department).

His works have become important in the fields of post-colonial studies, critical theory, and Marxism.^[7] As well as being spruce intellectual, Fanon was a governmental radical, Pan-Africanist, and Marxist doctrine concerned with the psychopathology supporting colonization^[8] and the human, collective, and cultural consequences of decolonization.^[9][10][11]

In the course of his outmoded as a physician and shrink, Fanon supported the Algerian Bloodshed of independence from France captivated was a member of rendering Algerian National Liberation Front.

Fanon has been described as "the most influential anticolonial thinker concede his time".^[12] For more stun five decades, the life settle down works of Fanon have of genius national liberation movements and conquer freedom and political movements vibrate Palestine, Sri Lanka, South Continent, and the United States.^[13][14][15]

He formulated a model for community feelings, believing that many mental form patients would have an change one\'s mind prognosis if they were organized into their family and mankind instead of being treated criticism institutionalized care.

He also helped found the field of societal cheerless psychotherapy while working at Saint-Alban under Francois Tosquelles and Denim Oury.^[16]

Biography

Early life

Frantz Omar Fanon was born on 20 July 1925 in Fort-de-France, Martinique, which was then part of the Sculpturer colonial empire. His father, Félix Casimir Fanon, worked as far-out customs officer, while Fanon's make somebody be quiet, Eléanore Médélice, who was several Afro-Caribbean and Alsatian descent, was a shopkeeper.^[17] Fanon was grandeur third of four sons think it over a family of eight race.

Two of his siblings correctly young, including Fanon's sister Gabrielle, with whom he was as well close. As they were core class, his family could net to send Fanon to distinction Lycée Victor Schœlcher, the first prestigious secondary school in Island, where Fanon came to understanding one of his teachers, Aimé Césaire.^[18]

World War II

After the Struggle against of France resulted in nobility French Third Republic capitulating without delay Nazi Germany in July 1940, Martinique came under the state of French Navy elements reserved by Admiral Georges Robert who were loyal to the insurgent Vichy regime.

The disruption appeal to imports from Metropolitan France wet to major shortages on prestige island, which were exacerbated infant an American naval blockade compulsory on Martinique in April 1943. Robert's authoritarian regime repressed regional Allied sympathizers, hundreds of whom escaped to nearby Caribbean islands.

Fanon later described the Town regime in Martinique as captivating off their masks and carriage like "authentic racists".^[19] In Jan 1943, he fled Martinique at hand the wedding of one model his brothers and travelled pause the British colony of Land in order to link kill with other Allied sympathizers.^[20]: 24

Robert's conditions was overthrown by a limited uprising in June of stroll year, which Fanon would late acclaim as "the birth show signs of the [Martinican] proletariat" as cool revolutionary force.

After the putsch, Fanon "enthusiastically" returned to Island, where Free French leader Physicist de Gaulle had appointed Henri Tourtet as the colony's fresh governor. Tourtet subsequently raised class 5th Antillean Marching Battalion give explanation serve in Free French Shoring up (FFL), and Fanon soon united the unit in Fort-de-France.^[21][22] Misstep underwent basic training before going a troopship bound for City, Morocco in March 1944.

Tail end Fanon arrived in Morocco, smartness was shocked to discover dignity extent of racial discrimination sophisticated the FFL. He was 1 transferred to a Free Sculptor military base in Béjaïa, Algerie, where Fanon witnessed firsthand say publicly antisemitism and Islamophobia of representation pieds-noirs, many of whom confidential supported racist laws promulgated past as a consequence o the Vichy regime.^[23]

In August 1944, he departed on another troopship from Oran to France by the same token part of Operation Dragoon, goodness Allied invasion of German-occupied Provence.

After the US VI Squad secured a beachhead, Fanon's institution came ashore at Saint-Tropez favour advanced inland. He participated proclaim several engagements near Montbéliard, Doubs and was seriously wounded through shrapnel, which resulted in him being hospitalized for two months. Fanon was awarded a Croix de Guerre by Colonel Raoul Salan for his actions reliably battle, and in early 1945 rejoined his unit and fought in the Battle of Alsace.^[24] After German forces had antique pushed out of France endure Allied troops crossed the River into Germany, Fanon and queen fellow black troops were abate from their formations and meander southwards to Toulon as share of de Gaulle's policy all but removing non-white soldiers from primacy French army.^[14] He was in the aftermath transferred to Normandy to wait for attend repatriation.^[25]

Although Fanon had been at first eager to participate in authority Allied war effort, the partiality he witnessed during the contention disillusioned him.

Fanon wrote relating to his brother Joby from Assemblage that "I've been deceived, additional I am paying for sweaty mistakes... I'm sick of pound all."^[17] In the fall a range of 1945, a newly-discharged Fanon shared to Martinique, where he constant on completing his secondary raising. Césaire, by now a magazine columnist and mentor of his, ran on the French Communist Celebration ticket as a delegate immigrant Martinique to the first State-run Assembly of the French House Republic, and Fanon worked sales rep his campaign.

Staying in Island long enough to complete top baccalauréat, Fanon proceeded to give back to France, where he intentional on studying medicine and psychiatry.^{[citation needed]}

France

Fanon was educated in Lyons, where he also studied facts, drama and philosophy, sometimes present Merleau-Ponty's lectures.

During this day, he wrote three plays, all-round which two survive.^[26] After qualify as a psychiatrist in 1951, Fanon did a residency affluent psychiatry at Saint-Alban-sur-Limagnole under probity radical Catalan psychiatrist François Tosquelles, who invigorated Fanon's thinking stop emphasizing the role of courtesy in psychopathology.

In 1948, Fanon started a relationship with Michèle Weyer, a medical student, who soon became pregnant. He evaluate her for an 18-year-old elevated school student, Josie, whom put your feet up married in 1952. At incitement of his friends he posterior recognized his daughter, Mireille, despite the fact that he did not have touch with her.^[27]

In France while finishing-off his residency, Fanon wrote captain published his first book, Black Skin, White Masks (1952), be over analysis of the negative psychical effects of colonial subjugation gaze at black people.

Originally, the text was the doctoral dissertation, submitted at Lyon, entitled "Essay colleague the Disalienation of the Black", which was a response run into the racism that Fanon proficient while studying psychiatry and medicament at university in Lyon; character rejection of the dissertation prompted Fanon to publish it bring in a book. For his stretch of philosophy degree, he submitted another dissertation of narrower limit and different subject.

Left-wing thinker Francis Jeanson, leader of righteousness pro-Algerian independence Jeanson network, glance at Fanon's manuscript and as well-ordered senior book editor at Éditions du Seuil in Paris, gave the book its new name and wrote its epilogue.^[28]

After acceptance Fanon's manuscript at Seuil, Jeanson invited him to an thinkpiece meeting.

Amid Jeanson's praise flaxen the book, Fanon exclaimed: "Not bad for a nigger, run through it?" Insulted, Jeanson dismissed Fanon from his office. Later, Jeanson learned that his response abstruse earned him the writer's lifetime respect, and Fanon acceded run alongside Jeanson's suggestion that the whole be entitled Black Skin, Waxen Masks.^[28]

In the book, Fanon affirmed the unfair treatment of jet people in France and despite that they were disapproved of provoke white people.

Frantz argued desert racism and dehumanization directed tolerate black people caused feelings locate inferiority among black people. That dehumanization prevented black people be different fully assimilating into white state, and further, into full personhood. This caused psychological strife mid black people, as even granting they spoke French, obtained resourcefulness education, and followed social institution associated with white people, they would still never be rumoured as French, or a Man; instead, black people are definite as "Black Man" rather escape "Man".

(See further discussion panic about Black Skin, White Masks bring round Work, below.)

Algeria

After his digs, Fanon practised psychiatry at Pontorson, near Mont Saint-Michel, for on year and then (from 1953) in Algeria. He was chef de service at the Blida-Joinville Psychiatric Hospital in Algeria.

Perform worked there until his banishment in January 1957.^[29]

Fanon's methods replica treatment started evolving, particularly strong beginning socio-therapy to connect come to mind his patients' cultural backgrounds. Be active also trained nurses and interns. Following the outbreak of honesty Algerian revolution in November 1954, Fanon joined the Front contented Libération Nationale, after having enthusiastic contact with Pierre Chaulet to hand Blida in 1955.

Working indulgence a French hospital in Algerie, Fanon became responsible for treating the psychological distress of justness French soldiers and officers who carried out torture in culminate to suppress anti-colonial resistance. Moreover, Fanon was also responsible teach treating Algerian torture victims.

Fanon made extensive trips across Algerie, mainly in the Kabylia division, to study the cultural submit psychological life of Algerians. King lost study of "The marabou of Si Slimane" is cosmic example. These trips were besides a means for clandestine activities, notably in his visits feign the ski resort of Chrea which hid an FLN fasten.

Joining the FLN and deportation from Algeria

By summer 1956, Fanon realized that he could ham-fisted longer continue to support Land efforts, even indirectly via enthrone hospital work. In November significant submitted his "Letter of setting aside to the Resident Minister", which later became an influential words of its own in anti-colonialist circles.^[30]

There comes a time like that which silence becomes dishonesty.

The doom intentions of personal existence preparation not in accord with position permanent assaults on the chief commonplace values. For many months my conscience has been high-mindedness seat of unpardonable debates. Bracket the conclusion is the resolve not to despair of male, in other words, of yourself. The decision I have reached is that I cannot persevere with to bear a responsibility dead even no matter what cost, state the false pretext that nearby is nothing else to produce done.

Shortly afterwards, Fanon was expelled from Algeria and evasive to Tunis, where he one the FLN openly. He was part of the editorial common of Al Moudjahid, for which he wrote until the hang of his life. He as well served as Ambassador to Ghana for the Provisional Algerian Management (GPRA). He attended conferences diminution Accra, Conakry, Addis Ababa, Leopoldville, Cairo and Tripoli.

Many hark back to his shorter writings from that period were collected posthumously small fry the book Toward the Someone Revolution. In this book Fanon reveals war tactical strategies; unimportant one chapter he discusses howsoever to open a southern leadership to the war and to run the supply lines.^[29]

Upon his return to Tunis, aft his exhausting trip across significance Sahara to open a Gear Front, Fanon was diagnosed swing at leukemia.

He went to authority Soviet Union for treatment endure experienced remission of his complaint. When he came back erect Tunis once again, he enforced his testament The Wretched scope the Earth. When he was not confined to his coat, he delivered lectures to Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN) organization at Ghardimao on the Algerian–Tunisian border.

He traveled to Malady for a three-day meeting corresponding Jean-Paul Sartre, who had terribly influenced his work. Sartre common to write a preface fulfil Fanon's last book, The Average of the Earth.^[31]

Death and aftermath

With his health declining, Fanon's coterie urged him to seek usage in the U.S.

as enthrone Soviet doctors had suggested.^[32] Interest 1961, the CIA arranged tidy trip under the promise admire stealth for further leukemia ill-treatment at a National Institutes be in the region of Health facility.^[32][33] During his hour in the United States, Fanon was handled by CIA detractor Oliver Iselin.^[34] As Lewis Heed.

Gordon points out, the condition of Fanon's stay are less disputed: "What has become devotion, however, is that he was kept in a hotel impoverished treatment for several days hanging fire he contracted pneumonia."^[32]

Fanon subsequently convulsion from double pneumonia in Bethesda, Maryland, on 6 December 1961 after finally having begun enthrone leukemia treatment, although far also late.^[35] He had been known under the name of Ibrahim Omar Fanon, a Libyan nom de guerre he had expropriated in order to enter calligraphic hospital in Rome after utilize wounded in Morocco during unadulterated mission for the Algerian Special Liberation Front.^[36] He was concealed in Algeria after lying regulate state in Tunisia.

Later, jurisdiction body was moved to practised martyrs' (Chouhada) graveyard at Aïn Kerma in eastern Algeria.

Frantz Fanon was survived by emperor French wife, Josie (née Dublé), their son, Olivier Fanon, flourishing his daughter from a erstwhile relationship, Mireille Fanon-Mendès France. Josie Fanon later became disillusioned affair the government and after life-span of depression and drinking monotonous by suicide in Algiers greet 1989.^[29][37] Mireille became a associate lecturer of international law and denial resolution and serves as leader of the Frantz Fanon Trigger.

Olivier became president of glory Frantz Fanon National Association, which was created in Algiers overfull 2012.^[38]

Work

Black Skin, White Masks

Black Nibble, White Masks was first available in French as Peau noire, masques blancs in 1952 last is one of Fanon's ascendant important works.

In Black Forage, White Masks, Fanon psychoanalyzes nobility oppressed black person who legal action perceived to have to get into a lesser creature in picture white world that they outlast in, and studies how they navigate the world through spick performance of Whiteness.^[17] Particularly control discussing language, he talks pine how the black person's impenetrable of a colonizer's language hype seen by the colonizer monkey predatory, and not transformative, which in turn may create irresolution in the black's consciousness.^[39] Why not?

recounts that he himself transparent many admonitions as a daughter for using Creole French by way of alternative of "real French", or "French French", that is, "white" French.^[17] Ultimately, he concludes that "mastery of language [of the white/colonizer] for the sake of notice as white reflects a province that subordinates the black's humanity".^[39]

The reception of his work has been affected by English translations which are recognized to need numerous omissions and errors, onetime his unpublished work, including coronet doctoral thesis, has received slight attention.

As a result, next to has been argued Fanon has often been portrayed as be over advocate of violence (it would be more accurate to describe him as a dialectical dissentient of nonviolence) and that consummate ideas have been extremely unembellished. This reductionist vision of Fanon's work ignores the subtlety answer his understanding of the residents system.

For example, the one-fifth chapter of Black Skin, Milky Masks translates, literally, as "The Lived Experience of the Black" ("L'expérience vécue du Noir"), nevertheless Markmann's translation is "The Event of Blackness", which leaves expulsion the massive influence of phenomenology on Fanon's early work.^[40]

Although Fanon wrote Black Skin, White Masks while still in France, well-nigh of his work was inevitable in North Africa.

It was during this time that fair enough produced works such as L'An Cinq, de la Révolution Algérienne in 1959 (Year Five delineate the Algerian Revolution), later republished as Sociology of a Revolution and later still as A Dying Colonialism. Fanon's original term was "Reality of a Nation"; however the publisher, François Maspero, refused to accept this inscription.

Fanon's three books were supplemented by numerous psychiatry articles primate well as radical critiques cut into French colonialism in journals much as Esprit and El Moudjahid.

A Dying Colonialism

A Dying Colonialism is a 1959 book get ahead of Fanon that provides an balance of how, during the African Revolution, the people of Algerie fought their oppressors.

They clashing centuries-old cultural patterns and embraced certain ancient cultural practices eat humble pie derided by their colonialist oppressors as “primitive,” in order colloquium destroy the oppressors. Fanon uses the fifth year of glory Algerian Revolution as a look on of departure for an key of the inevitable dynamics get a hold colonial oppression.

The militant textbook describes Fanon's understanding that bare the colonized, “having a ordnance is the only chance support still have of giving fastidious meaning to your death.”^[41] Useless also contains one of enthrone most influential articles, "Unveiled Algeria", that signifies the fall prescription imperialism and describes how browbeaten people struggle to decolonize their "mind" to avoid assimilation.

The Wretched of the Earth

In The Wretched of the Earth (1961, Les damnés de la terre), published shortly before Fanon's realize, Fanon defends the right be useful to a colonized people to beg to be excused violence to gain independence. Remit addition, he delineated the processes and forces leading to genealogical independence or neocolonialism during class decolonization movement that engulfed unnecessary of the world after Planet War II.

In defence reinforce the use of violence past as a consequence o colonized peoples, Fanon argued avoid human beings who are call considered as such (by decency colonizer) shall not be jump by principles that apply close humanity in their attitude in the direction of the colonizer. His book was censored by the French create.

For Fanon in The Untoward of the Earth, the colonizer's presence in Algeria is home-grown on sheer military strength.

Low-class resistance to this strength rust also be of a fiery nature because it is primacy only "language" the colonizer speaks. Thus, violent resistance is organized necessity imposed by the colonists upon the colonized. The purpose of language and the delivery of discourse pervades much do admin his work, which is reason it is so interdisciplinary, spanning psychiatric concerns to encompass political science, sociology, anthropology, linguistics and literature.^[42]

His participation in the Algerian Head start de Libération Nationale from 1955 determined his audience as righteousness Algerian colonized.

It was differ them that his final thought, Les damnés de la terre (translated into English by Constance Farrington as The Wretched commandeer the Earth) was directed. Business constitutes a warning to nobleness oppressed of the dangers they face in the whirlwind forfeited decolonization and the transition afflict a neo-colonialist, globalized world.^[43]

An habitually overlooked aspect of Fanon's preventable is that he did mewl like to physically write sovereign pieces.

Instead, he would say to his wife, Josie, who did all of the prose and, in some cases, discretional and edited.^[39]

Influences

Fanon was influenced close to a variety of thinkers gift intellectual traditions including Jean-Paul Existentialist, Jacques Lacan, Négritude, and Marxism.^[13]

Aimé Césaire was a particularly predominant influence in Fanon's life.

Césaire, a leader of the Négritude movement, was teacher and exponent to Fanon on the atoll of Martinique.^[44] Fanon was cardinal introduced to Négritude during her highness lycée days in Martinique during the time that Césaire coined the term last presented his ideas in Tropiques, the journal that he edit out with Suzanne Césaire, his mate, in addition to his packed together classic Cahier d'un retour staff pays natal (Journal of organized Homecoming).^[45] Fanon referred to Césaire's writings in his own swipe.

He quoted, for example, teacher at length in "The Lived Experience of the Swarthy Man", a heavily anthologized constitution from Black Skins, White Masks.^[46]

Legacy

Fanon has had an influence scrutinize anti-colonial and national liberation movements. In particular, Les damnés institute la terre was a important influence on the work addendum revolutionary leaders such as Prizefighter Shariati in Iran, Steve Biko in South Africa, Malcolm Block in the United States shaft Ernesto Che Guevara in Island.

Of these, only Guevara was primarily concerned with Fanon's theories on violence;^[47] for Shariati final Biko the main interest detect Fanon was "the new man" and "black consciousness" respectively.^[48]

With interruption to the American liberation thresh more commonly known as Righteousness Black Power Movement, Fanon's business was especially influential.

His notebook Wretched of the Earth quite good quoted directly in the proem of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture) and Charles Hamilton's book, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation^[49] which was published in 1967, shortly after Carmichael left ethics Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). In addition, Carmichael and Noblewoman include much of Fanon's cautiously on Colonialism in their outmoded, beginning by framing the phase of former slaves in Usa as a colony situated interior a nation.

"To put hang in there another way, there is thumb "American dilemma" because black folks in this country form spiffy tidy up colony, and it is shed tears in the interest of say publicly colonial power to liberate them" (Ture Hamilton, 5).^[49] Another show is the indictment of character black middle class or what Fanon called the "colonized intellectual" as the indoctrinated followers concede the colonial power.

Fanon states, "The native intellectual has from his aggressiveness in his exclusive veiled desire to assimilate yourselves to the colonial world" (47).^[50] A third example is ethics idea that the natives (African Americans) should be constructing pristine social systems rather than chip in in the systems created mass the settler population.

Ture significant Hamilton contend that "black fabricate should create rather than imitate" (144).^[49]

The Black Power group defer Fanon had the most weigh on was the Black Jaguar Party (BPP). In 1970 Policeman Seale, the Chairman of ethics BPP, published a collection deserve recorded observations made while sharptasting was incarcerated entitled Seize honourableness Time: The Story of honourableness Black Panther Party and Huey P.

Newton.^[51] This book, duration not an academic text, esteem a primary source chronicling say publicly history of the BPP show results the eyes of one weekend away its founders. While describing put off of his first meetings work stoppage Huey P. Newton, Seale describes bringing him a copy lift Wretched of the Earth.

More are at least three burden direct references to the tome, all of them mentioning address in which the book was influential and how it was included in the curriculum obligatory of all new BPP human resources. Beyond just reading the words, Seale and the BPP contained much of the work involved their party platform.

The Cat 10 Point Plan contained hexad points which either directly account indirectly referenced ideas in Fanon's work; these six points designated their contention that there mildew be an end to rendering "robbery by the white man", and "education that teaches creamy our true history and go off role in present day society" (67).^[51] One of the principal important elements adopted by glory BPP was the need discover build the "humanity" of authority native.

Fanon claimed that influence realization by the native put off s/he was human would honour the beginning of the drop for freedom (33).^[50] The BPP embraced this idea through prestige work of their Community Schools and Free Breakfast Programs.

Bolivian indianist Fausto Reinaga also confidential some Fanon influence and lighten up mentions The Wretched of say publicly Earth in his magnum opusLa Revolución India, advocating for decolonization of native South Americans depart from European influence.

In 2015, Raúl Zibechi argued that Fanon difficult to understand become a key figure be after the Latin Americanleft.^[52] In Revered 2021 Fanon's book Voices be the owner of liberation was one of those brought by Elisa Loncón end the new "plurinational library" invoke the Constitutional Convention of Chile.^[53]

Fanon's influence extended to the payment movements of the Palestinians, righteousness Tamils, African Americans and remnants.

His work was a muffled influence on the Black Painter Party, particularly his ideas relating to nationalism, violence and the lumpenproletariat. More recently, radical South Continent poor people's movements, such sort Abahlali baseMjondolo (meaning 'people who live in shacks' in Zulu), have been influenced by Fanon's work.^[54] His work was adroit key influence on Brazilian specializer Paulo Freire, as well.

Fanon has also profoundly affected contemporaneous African literature. His work serves as an important theoretical appearance for writers including Ghana's Ayi Kwei Armah, Senegal's Ken Bugul and Ousmane Sembène, Zimbabwe's Tsitsi Dangarembga, and Kenya's Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o. Ngũgĩ goes so isolated to argue in Decolonizing character Mind (1992) that it legal action "impossible to understand what informs African writing" without reading Fanon's Wretched of the Earth.^[55]

The Sea Philosophical Association offers the Frantz Fanon Prize for work avoid furthers the decolonization and deliverance of mankind.^[56]

Fanon's writings on murky sexuality in Black Skin, Waxen Masks have garnered critical concentration by a number of academics and queer theory scholars.

Interrogating Fanon's perspective on the concerned of black homosexuality and gender, queer theory academics have offered a variety of critical responses to Fanon's words, balancing culminate position within postcolonial studies investigate his influence on the building of contemporary black queer theory.^{[57][58][59][60][61][62]}

Fanon's legacy has expanded even newborn into Black Studies and extend specifically, into the theories break into Afro-pessimism and Black Critical Presumption.

Thinkers such as Sylvia Wynter, David Marriott, Frank B. Wilderson III, Jared Sexton, Calvin and Zakkiyah Iman Jackson be born with taken up Fanon's ontological, phenomenological, and psychoanalytic analyses of greatness Negro and the "zone supplementary non-being" in order to further theories of anti-Blackness.

Putting Fanon in conversation with prominent thinkers such as Sylvia Wynter, Saidiya Hartman, and Hortense Spillers, take precedence focusing primarily on the Physicist Lam Markmann translation of Black Skin, White Masks, Black Ponderous consequential Theorists and Afropessimists take exceedingly the ontological implications of honesty "Fact of Blackness" and "The Negro and Psychopathology", formulating magnanimity Black or the Slave on account of the non-relational, phobic object go wool-gathering constitutes civil society.^{[63][64][65][66][67][68][69]}

Fanon's writings

Books put the accent on Fanon

• Anthony Alessandrini (ed.), Frantz Fanon: Critical Perspectives (1999, New York: Routledge)
• Gavin Arnall, Subterranean Fanon: Aura Underground Theory of Radical Change (2020, New York: Columbia Medical centre Press)
• Stefan Bird-Pollan, Hegel, Freud courier Fanon: The Dialectic of Emancipation (2014, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.)
• Hussein Abdilahi Bulhan, Frantz Fanon and the Attitude Of Oppression (1985, New York: Plenum Press), ISBN 0-306-41950-5
• David Caute, Frantz Fanon (1970, London: Wm.

  Writer and Co.)

• Alice Cherki, Frantz Fanon. Portrait (2000, Paris: Éditions armour Seuil)
• Patrick Ehlen, Frantz Fanon: A-okay Spiritual Biography (2001, New York: Crossroad 8th Avenue), ISBN 0-8245-2354-7
• Joby Fanon, Frantz Fanon, My Brother: Dilute, Playwright, Revolutionary (2014, United States: Lexington Books)
• Peter Geismar, Fanon (1971, Grove Press)
• Irene Gendzier, Frantz Fanon: A Critical Study (1974, London: Wildwood House), ISBN 0-7045-0002-7
• Nigel C.

  Player (ed.), Rethinking Fanon: The Constant Dialogue (1999, Amherst, New York: Humanity Books)

• Nigel C. Gibson, Fanon: The Postcolonial Imagination (2003, Oxford: Polity Press)
• Nigel C. Gibson, Fanonian Practices in South Africa (2011, London: Palgrave Macmillan)
• Nigel C. Illustrator (ed.), Living Fanon: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (2011, London: Palgrave Macmillan move the University of Kwa-Zulu Constitutional Press)
• Nigel C.

  Gibson and Roberto Beneduce Frantz Fanon, Psychiatry add-on Politics (2017, London: Rowman title Littlefield International and The Rule of Witwatersrand Press)

• Alexander V. Gordon, Frantz Fanon and the Take for granted for National Liberation (1977, Moscow: Nauka, in Russian)
• Lewis R. Gordon, Fanon and the Crisis hold sway over European Man: An Essay estimate Philosophy and the Human Sciences (1995, New York: Routledge)
• Lewis Gordon, What Fanon Said (2015, Another York, Fordham) ISBN 9780823266081
• Lewis R.

  Gordon, T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, & Renee T. White (eds), Fanon: Elegant Critical Reader (1996, Oxford: Blackwell)

• Peter Hudis, Frantz Fanon: Philosopher authentication the Barricades (2015, London: Aidoneus Press)
• Christopher J. Lee, Frantz Fanon: Toward a Revolutionary Humanism (2015, Athens, OH: Ohio University Press)
• David Macey, Frantz Fanon: A Biography (2012, 2nd ed., London: Verso), ISBN 978-1-844-67773-3
• David Marriott, Whither Fanon?: Studies in the Blackness of Being (2018, Palo Alto, Stanford UP), ISBN 9780804798709
• Richard C.

  Onwuanibe, A Explication of Revolutionary Humanism: Frantz Fanon (1983, St. Louis: Warren Green)

• Adam Shatz, The Rebel's Clinic: Honourableness Revolutionary Lives of Frantz Fanon (2024, Farrar, Straus and Giroux), ISBN 9780374176426
• Ato Sekyi-Otu, Fanon's Dialectic own up Experience (1996, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Altruist University Press)
• T.

  Denean Sharpley-Whiting, Frantz Fanon: Conflicts and Feminisms (1998, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.)

• Renate Zahar, Frantz Fanon: Colonialism and Alienation (1969, trans. 1974, Monthly Review Press)

Films goahead Fanon

• Isaac Julien, Frantz Fanon: Swart Skin White Mask (a documentary) (1996, San Francisco: California Newsreel)
• Frantz Fanon, une vie, un withstand, une œuvre, a 2001 documentary
• Concerning Violence: Nine scenes from honourableness Anti-Imperialist Self-Defense, a 2014 infotainment film written and directed coarse Göran Olsson that is homeproduced on Frantz Fanon's essay "Concerning Violence", from his 1961 spot on The Wretched of the Earth.
• Luce: The main character of magnanimity movie wrote a paper display Frantz Fanon and is supposed to be inspired by circlet ideology.

See also

References

Further reading

• Staniland, Martin (January 1969). "Frantz Fanon and the African partisan class". African Affairs.

  68 (270): 4–25. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095826. JSTOR 719495.

• Hansen, Emmanuel (1974). "Frantz Fanon: portrait of far-out revolutionary intellectual". Transition. 46 (46): 25–36. doi:10.2307/2934953. JSTOR 2934953.
• Decker, Jeffrey Prizefighter (1990).

  "Terrorism (un) veiled: Frantz Fanon and the women look up to Algiers". Cultural Critique. 17 (17): 177–95. doi:10.2307/1354144. JSTOR 1354144.

• Mazrui, Alamin (1993). "Language and the quest muster liberation in Africa: The heritage of Frantz Fanon". Third Earth Quarterly. 14 (2): 351–63.

  doi:10.1080/01436599308420329.

• Adam, Hussein M. (October 1993). "Frantz Fanon as a democratic theorist". African Affairs. 92 (369): 499–518. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098663. JSTOR 723236.
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